Mental Health Awareness

Mental
disorder/illness

Introduction

Diagnosis

To determine a diagnosis and check for
related complications, you may have:

A physical exam. Your doctor will try to rule out physical problems that
could cause your symptoms.

Lab tests. These may include, for example, a check of your thyroid function
or a screening for alcohol and drugs.

A psychological evaluation. A doctor or mental health provider talks to you about
your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked
to fill out a questionnaire to help answer these questions.

Determining
which mental illness, you have.

The defining symptoms to determine which
mental illness you have are detailed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. This
is used by mental health providers to diagnose mental conditions and by
insurance companies to reimburse for treatment. Another method is, Depression
Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)

Classes of mental illness

·        
Neurodevelopmental
disorders. 

This class covers a wide range of problems that usually begin in
infancy or childhood, often before the child begins grade school.

Examples include autism spectrum disorder,
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders.

·        
Schizophrenia spectrum and
other psychotic disorders. 

Extracted from:
dailystar.co.uk

Psychotic disorders cause detachment from reality — such as
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech.

Bipolar and related disorders.

This class includes disorders with alternating episodes of mania —
periods of excessive activity, energy and excitement — and depression.

Depressive disorders. 

Image extracted from: The
Jakarta Post

These include disorders that affect how you feel emotionally, such
as the level of sadness and happiness, and they can disrupt your ability to
function.

Examples include major depressive disorder and premenstrual
dysphoric disorder.

Anxiety disorders. 

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themighty.com

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by the anticipation of future
danger or misfortune, along with excessive worrying. It can include behaviour
aimed at avoiding situations that cause anxiety.

This class includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and
phobias.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. 

Image extracted from: The
Straits Time

These disorders involve preoccupations or obsessions and repetitive
thoughts and actions.

 Examples include
obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder and hair-pulling disorder
(trichotillomania).

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders. 

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newvitruvian.com

These are adjustment disorders in which a person has trouble coping
during or after a stressful life event.

Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute
stress disorder.

Dissociative disorders. 

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These are disorders in which your sense of self is disrupted, such
as with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia.

Somatic symptom and related disorders.

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theplaidzebra.com

 A person with one of these disorders may have physical
symptoms with no clear medical cause, but the disorders are associated with
significant distress and impairment.

The disorders include somatic symptom disorder (previously known as
hypochondriasis) and factitious disorder.

Feeding and eating disorders. 

Image extracted from:
metro.co.uk

These disorders include disturbances related to eating, such as
anorexia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.

Elimination disorders. 

Image extracted from: minddisorders.com

These disorders relate to the inappropriate elimination of urine or
stool by accident or on purpose. Bedwetting (enuresis) is an example.

Sleep-wake disorders. 

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airjordanenligen2015.com

These are disorders of sleep severe enough to require clinical
attention, such as insomnia, sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome.

Sexual dysfunctions.

These include disorders of sexual response, such as
premature ejaculation and female orgasmic disorder.

Gender dysphoria.

Image extracted from:
spectator.com.au

 This refers to the distress that accompanies a person’s stated
desire to be another gender.

Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders. 

          These disorders include problems with emotional and behavioral
self-control, such as                  kleptomania or intermittent explosive disorder.

Substance-related and addictive disorders. 

Image extracted from:
medium.com

These include problems associated with the excessive use of alcohol,
caffeine, tobacco and drugs. This class also includes gambling disorder.

Neurocognitive disorders. 

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healthtap.com

Neurocognitive disorders affect your ability to think and reason.
These acquired (rather than developmental) cognitive problems include delirium,
as well as neurocognitive disorders due to conditions or diseases such as
traumatic brain injury or Alzheimer’s disease.

Personality disorders. 

A personality disorder involves a lasting pattern of emotional
instability and unhealthy behaviour that causes problems in your life and
relationships.

Examples include borderline, antisocial and narcissistic personality
disorders.

Paraphilic disorders. 

These disorders include sexual interest that causes personal
distress or impairment or causes potential or actual harm to another person. 

Examples are sexual sadism disorder, voyeuristic disorder and paedophilic
disorder.

Other mental disorders. 

This class includes mental disorders that are due to other medical
conditions or that don’t meet the full criteria for one of the above disorders.

Treatment

Depends on:

Types of drug availables:

Antidepressants

Used to treat depression, anxiety,
pain and insomnia
Sometimes used to treat ADHD in
adults,  but not FDA-approved
Types of antidepressants: 

SSRIs, SNRIs and bupropion popular
because of less side effects and help a broader group of depressive and anxiety
disorders

Image for
educational purposes only, Image source:
verywellmind.com

 Anti-anxiety

Help
reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks, or extreme fear and
worry.
Common medications:

 Anti-psychotics

Primarily used to manage psychosis
which conditions that affects the mind, and in
which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including
delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things
that are not really there). It can be a symptom of a physical condition such as
drug abuse or a mental disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or
very severe depression (also known as “psychotic depression”).
Used in combination with other
medications to treat delirium, dementia and mental health conditions.
The medications do not cure those
conditions, but it is used to relieve the symptoms and improve quality of life.
Types of antipsychotics:

Image for educational purposes only, Image source: culturalsavage

Both antipsychotics types work to
treat symptoms of schizophrenia and manic phase of bipolar disorders.
Possible side effects of
antipsychotics:

Typical antipsychotics additional
side effects related to movement such as rigidity, persistent muscle spasms,
tremors and restlessness. Long term used also may lead to condition called
Tardive dyskinesia where muscle movements, commonly
around the mouth, that a person can’t control.

Mood stabilizer

Primarily used to treat bipolar
disorder, mood swings associated with other mental disorders and sometimes to
augment other medication effects on treating depression.
Mood stabilizers work by decreasing
abnormal activity in the brain and are also sometimes used to treat: Depression
(usually along with an antidepressant), Schizoaffective Disorder, Disorders of
impulse control, Certain mental illnesses in children
Types of mood stabilizers:

Images
for educational purposes only, Image
source: epilepsynewstoday.com

Stimulant

Increase alertness, attention,
energy and also elevate blood pressure, heart rate and respiration.
Prescribed to treat ADHD in
children, adolescence and adult. Also can treat narcolepsy, occasionally
depression (especially in older or chronically
medically ill people and in those who have not responded to other treatments).
Stimulants used to treat ADHD:
Methylphenidate, Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Lisdexamefetamine Dimesylate

LIFESTYLE
& HOME REMEDIES

Things that you can do which build up your treatment
plan:

Tips to improve coping skills:

Disclosure: This is for educational purposes only. If
you find out that you have any of this symptom, please refer your Doctor (Psychiatrist)
or Pharmacist as soon as possible. Stay with our channel on Instagram, and our Facebook Page (I Am Healthy) for more info and current issue that
we’re focusing on from time to time. Don’t forget to share your opinion and
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Writing by:

Nik Jah binti Nik Ab
Kadir,

Pharmacist

Reg. No : 2409

Edited by:

Amelinda & Dayang
Nooreffazleen.